The humanoid parts supply chain, September 2026
Actuators, hands, tactile sensing, lidar, batteries, wheeled bases, structure, the rare-earth regime and what every incumbent's body does badly, with prices as seen in August and September 2026.
Insight · 7 September 2026 · 24 min read · Tidewell Article Crew, edited by Timothy Mo
Three marks run through this post and mean what they meant in the research file. [single source] is a claim found in exactly one place. [inference] is our own reasoning rather than a sourced fact. [background] and [background, unverified] are prior knowledge that was not re-verified in this pass. A few named vendors (ZeroErr, T-Motor list prices, Xinjian hollow-cup, Sanhua and Top Group, Tashan pricing, Wonder Robotics, Hota) could not be verified and are flagged where they appear.
The pass ran on 5 September 2026: about 30 web searches in English and Chinese and about 60 full-page reads across vendor pages, distributor listings, Chinese industry press, standards bodies and security disclosures. Prices are list or distributor prices seen in August and September 2026 unless dated otherwise. ¥ is CNY, and the approximate rates used are US$1 to about ¥7.1, about S$1.30 and about €0.90.
Headline findings
- The rotary joint is now a commodity. Chinese integrated quasi-direct-drive joint modules cost US$110 to 480 retail; a RobStride 04, 120 N·m peak, is US$255 at a Western reseller, and a RobStride 10P, 42 N·m at 460 g, lists at ¥859. Frameless torque motors are under ¥500 per unit and harmonic reducers have fallen from ¥3,000 to 5,000 in 2024 to ¥1,500 to 2,000 in 2026. Integrated-joint makers report a further 10 to 15% annual cost decline.
- Linear joints, meaning planetary roller screws, are the last scarce actuator part. Two dozen Chinese firms are sampling or ramping, but only a handful (Hengli, Xinjian, Wuzhou Xinchun, Zhenyu, Hefeng) are in real volume production; thread-grinding capacity is the named bottleneck, and GSA and Rollvis in Switzerland still own the high-precision end.
- Hands are where the money and the pain are. Prices have collapsed, with 6-DoF hands at ¥6,000 to 8,000 and the AgiBot OmniHand at ¥9,800 with 400+ taxels, while the top end, the Sharpa Wave at 22 DoF and more than 1,000 taxels per fingertip, is about US$50k. The documented failure modes are consistent across the industry: hollow-cup motor burnout in 6 to 8 mm motors, tendon wear, with the Tesla Gen-3 hand reportedly lasting about 6 weeks in sorting tests [single source], and tactile skins that are not durable.
- Sensing is cheap and mostly uncontrolled for a Singapore buyer, but geopolitically bifurcated. Hesai and RoboSense were added to the US 1260H list in June 2026 and NDAA section 164 bars them from US Department of Defense procurement; Livox is next in line. The Orbbec Gemini 335 at about US$250 has replaced RealSense as the default depth camera; RealSense is now an independent company, spun out in July 2025, and still ships the D4xx.
- Batteries are a systems problem, not a cell problem. Cells are commodity 21700 NMC or LFP from EVE, Sunwoda, CATL, Molicel and Samsung SDI. The differentiators are pack certification (UN38.3 plus UL 2271, where Figure 03 is the first humanoid pack in process for both), thermal design and the charging model. Wheeled bases get 8 to 10 h against 2 to 5 h for bipeds; only the Walker S2, with a 3-min autonomous swap, and Atlas do unattended swaps.
- The rare-earth regime: MOFCOM's October 2025 extraterritorial rules (Notices 61 and 62 including the 0.1% rule, plus 55 to 58 covering lithium-battery and graphite technology) are suspended until 10 November 2026. The April 2025 licences on Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Lu, Sc and Y and magnets containing them remain in force, with nominal 45-day processing. Finished actuators exported from China are currently not licensed items; the risk after 10 Nov 2026 falls on re-exports of robots containing Chinese Dy and Tb magnets [inference].
- What incumbents do badly, documented rather than marketed: 2-hour runtimes (G1, AgiBot A2, Walker S2 walking), shoulder and hand motor overheating under manipulation (G1), no published ingress ratings or operating temperatures (G1, H2, Walker S2, A2, Figure 03), no ISO 10218 or 13482 certification (G1 explicitly; Digit only a site-specific NRTL evaluation), root-level BLE exploits with a fleet-wide hardcoded AES key (Unitree, CVE-2026-76639 and 76640 still unpatched at the BLE layer on 27 Aug 2026), and hospital robots that need a human escort between floors (Moxi, dropped by MultiCare after under two years). Sealing, thermal margin, certification and secure communications are unaddressed across the field.
Actuators and joint modules
Integrated rotary joint modules
| Supplier | Product | Price (seen) | Key spec | Availability / lead time | Export status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RobStride Dynamics (CN) | RobStride 00, 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06 QDD | €115 to 255 (OpenELAB); US$125 to 255 (Robotopian) | 00: 14 N·m; 02: 17 N·m; 03: 60 N·m; 04: 120 N·m peak, 48 V, dual encoders, CAN | In stock at EU and US resellers; the 03 on 4-week pre-sale; a 02-IP67 variant at €230 | Free; sold on Amazon US | Robotopian lists the RobStride 04 "from $255". The 10P is 42 N·m at 460 g for ¥859, about 91 N·m/kg peak [single source]. RobStride also markets 530 N·m and larger rotary and roller-screw linear joints. |
| Xiaomi CyberGear (CN) | CyberGear micro motor | US$179 (Robotopian); ¥499 launch price [background] | about 12 N·m peak, 8:1 planetary, CAN | In stock | Free | Hobby-to-research grade; widely cloned. |
| CubeMars / T-Motor (CN) | AK60-6, AK70-10, AK80-9; AKE (QDD); RI and RO frameless; GL series | AK60-6 $299; AK70-10 from $399; AK80-9 from $480; GL30 from $51; GL40 II $134; GL80 $182 | AK80-9: about 18 N·m peak, 9:1; RI and RO frameless series for custom joints | In stock at resellers; claims 6 M units/yr output | Free | The CubeMars guide gives QDD ratios of 6 to 10:1, integrated above 10:1, and frameless for custom compact joints. No lead-time data published. |
| MyActuator (CN) | RMD-X8, X10, X12-320, X15 | Quote, a US$1 to 2k class for the X12 and X15 [inference] | X12-320: EtherCAT plus CAN, dual encoder; X15 for humanoid hips and knees | Distributor stock (Oz Robotics) | Free | The product page returned a 404 during the session; current SKUs need verification. |
| Unitree (CN) | GO-M8010-6 motor | From US$20 at Robotopian, listed but suspiciously low [single source] | 6:1 planetary quadruped joint | In stock | Free | Unitree does not sell G1 or H2 joint modules separately. |
| Dynamixel / ROBOTIS (KR) | XM540-W270-T | US$482.89 | 10.6 N·m stall, 165 g, TTL | In stock | Free | About 5 to 8 times the cost per N·m of Chinese QDD modules. |
| ZeroErr (CN) | eRob series | Not verified this session | Harmonic plus frameless plus magnetic encoder, integrated | — | Free | Listed by yijinsolution as a top-three Chinese integrated-joint maker; used by many cobot startups [background, unverified]. |
| Elephant Robotics (CN) | myCobot arms, not modules | — | — | — | Free | Not a joint-module vendor. |
| Quanzhibo 泉智博 (CN) | Integrated rotary joints | — | Monthly capacity "万台级", 10k or more per month | Volume | Free | Reports a 10 to 15% annual cost reduction on integrated joints (tmtpost, 2026). |
| Zhishen 智身科技 (CN) | Joint modules | — | Plans 1 M or more joints per year capacity in H2 2026 | Volume | Free | Same source. |
| Maxon (CH), Kollmorgen (US), Moog (US) | Frameless motors (Maxon, Kollmorgen TBM), roller screws (Moog) | 3 to 10 times Chinese equivalents [inference] | Reference-grade quality; Moog roller screws to 3,500 kN | Weeks to months | Free to Singapore | The Western-pedigree option where a certification file requires one. |
| Hyundai Mobis (KR) | Actuators for Boston Dynamics Atlas | Not for sale | Announced CES 2026 | Captive | — | Illustrates that OEMs are vertically integrating actuators; actuators are more than 60% of humanoid material cost (barchart and Mobis). |
Reducers, motors and screws
| Supplier | Product | Price (seen) | Key spec | Availability | Export | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Green Harmonic 绿的谐波 (688003) | Harmonic reducers; also forward and reverse planetary roller screws | ¥1,500 to 2,000 in 2026, down from ¥3,000 to 5,000 in 2024 | — | Volume | Free | Named a supply-chain winner with higher margins than the robot OEMs (Sina, Jun 2026). |
| Leaderdrive 来福谐波 (CN) | Harmonic reducers | A similar band, "20–40 % below Japanese" | 30 to 40% China share (JPM) | Volume; 2025 revenue ¥570.7 M, up 47% | Free | Customers AgiBot and UBTech. |
| Harmonic Drive Systems (JP, DE, US) | CSF, CSG, SHG | 2 to 3 times Chinese [inference] | The gold standard for precision and life | Historically long lead times [background] | Free | For wrist and waist axes needing more than 10k h life where certification demands it. |
| Frameless torque motors (CN: Leadshine 雷赛, Inovance and others) | Frameless BLDC | Under ¥500/unit in 2026, "20 % cheaper than imports" | — | Volume | Free | Leadshine showed frameless motors and dexterous hands at CES 2026. |
| Hollow-cup and coreless motors (CN: Moons' 鸣志, Dingzhi 鼎智, Zhaowei 兆威; West: Faulhaber, Maxon, Portescap) | 6 to 12 mm coreless motors for hands | ¥100 to 300 in China against €200 to 500 Western [inference] | — | Volume | Free | A named industry bottleneck: 6 to 8 mm coreless motors overheat in confined hand volumes under sustained load (Sina Finance, Jul 2026). Xinjian 新剑传动 is a screw maker and a Tesla Optimus supplier, not a hollow-cup vendor. |
Planetary roller screw status
From the 艾邦机器人 survey of more than 30 suppliers, 2026.
| Supplier | Status | Capacity / note |
|---|---|---|
| Hengli Hydraulics 恒立液压 (601110) | Mass production since Sep 2024 | 2-year R&D; ball and planetary screws |
| Xinjian Transmission 新剑传动 | Mass production | Tesla Optimus supplier; a 1 M units/yr project (2025) |
| Zhejiang Wuzhou Xinchun 五洲新春 (603667) | Production | Target 980k planetary and 2.1 M micro ball screws per year |
| Zhenyu Technology 震裕科技 (300953) | Production | 100 units/day; 100 to 12,000 N modules |
| Hefeng Intelligent | Production | P1 grade; 6 mm minimum diameter, 1 mm minimum lead |
| Nousbot (Shenzhen) | Production | 500k/yr micro planetary screws; 2 mm smallest diameter, hand scale |
| Green Harmonic | Production | Forward and reverse series |
| Shuanglin 双林股份 (300100) | Trial line 12k/yr; samples to Tesla and "YS/TP", Yushu or Unitree and Top Group | |
| Beite 北特科技 (603009) | A ¥1.85 B plant, target end-2025 | |
| Qinchuan and Hanjiang 汉江机床 | Small batch, P3 grade | Also the domestic thread-grinder maker |
| Nanjing Yigong, Jiangsu Leili, Changhua, Rontai, Zhaofeng and others | Sampling and development | Rontai created a dedicated screw equipment subsidiary because thread-grinding capacity is the bottleneck |
| GSA and Rollvis (CH) | Production; more than 50% global share | The high-precision incumbent |
| Ewellix/Schaeffler (DE), Moog, Thomson/Nook, CMC (US), Bosch Rexroth (DE) | Production | Western sources |
| Sanhua 三花 and Top Group 拓普 (CN) | Tesla Optimus linear and rotary actuator assemblers [background, unverified] | Not open-market suppliers today |
Screws are about 20% of a linear-joint humanoid BOM and remain a "强确定性路线", a strong-certainty route, but scarce (Zhihu and Sina).
Hands and tactile sensing
Hands
| Vendor | Product | Price | DoF (active/total) | Tactile | Weight | Availability | Export | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sharpa (CN/US) | Wave | about US$50,000 per hand (Paxton; CNX) | 22 active, 1:1 human scale | more than 1,000 taxels per fingertip, 0.02 N, under 1 mm, 180 Hz (DTA) | not published | Shipping to labs; ROS 2, Isaac and MuJoCo SDK | Free | Durability claims: 2.5 M press cycles, 3,200 impacts at 30 g, 1,000+ h continuous. The benchmark for what good looks like. |
| Inspire Robots 因时 (CN) | RH56DFX, E2, F1, BFX; RH5DG2 (G2) | US$7,000 to 14,000 (Sourcebotics); about US$19,000 as a G1 option (RoboZaps) | 6/12 (RH56); 13/18 (G2) | Force 0.5 N resolution (DFX); 24 sensors (F1); 20 N fingertip (G2) | 540 g (BFX); 990 g (G2) | 2 to 8 weeks | Free | 10,000+ units in the field (2025); linkage-driven; the cheap and common default on Unitree and AgiBot bodies. |
| Linkerbot 灵心巧手 (CN) | O6, L6, L20 Lite, L20, O20, O30, L30 (tendon); a 42-DoF research hand | US$600 to 15,000 (O6 about US$1,500) | O6: 6+5; L20: 16+5; L30: 18+4 (25 DoF marketing); O20: 16 direct-drive, 20 kg load, 0.45 A static with worm self-lock | Optional | O6 360 g; L20 about 1.2 kg | 2 to 8 weeks | Free | More than 80% of Chinese high-DoF hand share (2024); targeting 50 to 100k units in 2026; raising at US$6 B. The broadest catalogue. |
| BrainCo 强脑 (CN) | Revo 2 DuraX (6 DoF), Revo 3-U21 | about US$14,000 (Revo 2 with TS-F+) | 6 / 21 direct-drive | TS-F+ multimodal, 30+ material recognition; full-palm on the Revo 3 | not published | 2 to 8 weeks | Free | 70 N grip, 3 Hz open and close (Revo 3). Durability-first positioning. |
| PaXini 帕西尼 (CN) | DexH13 GEN2, DexH5, GMH18 | Quote | 13 across 4 fingers | 978 ITPU taxels per hand, 0.01 N, plus an 8 MP palm camera | not published | 2 to 8 weeks | Free | Weakness: 4 fingers and modest DoF for the price. |
| AgiBot 智元 (CN) | OmniHand (16 or 19 DoF), Ultra-T (22+3, Apr 2026) | ¥9,800 (OmniHand) | 16 to 25 | 400+ force points; a camera in the Ultra-T | about 500 g | Platform-bundled | Free | Sets the floor price for tactile hands. |
| Unitree (CN) | Dex3-1, Dex5-1, Dex5-1P | Dex3-1 US$6,500 to 7,800 with tactile | 7 / 16+4 | 33 and 94 pressure points; plus or minus 1 mm repeatability | 710 g and 1.1 kg | With the G1 or H2 | Free | Ecosystem-bound. |
| DexRobot 灵巧智能 (CN) | DexHand021, 021 Pro | US$14,000 to 28,000 | 12 active/19; 22 | 23 sensors, 0 to 20 N | 1 kg | 2 to 8 weeks | "Export-oriented" | 10 N or more per finger, under 1 mm tip repeatability, 33 grasp types. |
| Xynova 曦诺未来 (CN) | Flex 2 | Quote | 19 active/23 | 0.05 N resolution | under 400 g | New at ICRA 2026 | Free | Motors in the forearm, so full-day operation without thermal shutdown. The chief executive says "hybrid tendon+direct is the commercially viable endpoint". |
| Wuji 舞肌 (CN) | Wuji Hand 2 | Quote | 20 direct-drive | A 24 by 32 tactile array | under 570 g | New | Free | 12 kg static grip; 0.05 N·m backdrive. |
| Robot Era 星动纪元 (CN) | XHAND1, 1PRO | Quote | 12 fully actuated / 21 | 120 to 300 taxels per fingertip, 3-D | not published | 2 to 8 weeks | "Overseas-proven" | Full-palm tactile; lateral manipulation. |
| Aoyee 傲意 (CN) | ROHAND AP003 | BOM cut from ¥30k to under ¥10k | 6 | Tactaxis 3-D magnetic, 0.005 N | not published | Volume | Free | Prosthetics heritage. |
| Shadow Robot (UK) | Dexterous Hand, DEX-EE | Quote, ¥100k or more per Sina; historically US$100k or more [background] | 20 active/24 (4.3 kg); DEX-EE 12 (4.1 kg) | 100+ sensors at 1 kHz; STF fingertips | 4.3 kg | Made to order | Free | A research reference; too heavy and expensive for a product. |
| Tesla (US) | Optimus V3 hand (22 DoF, forearm tendon) | Captive | 22 | In-house | — | Not sold | — | The Gen-3 hand reportedly had about a 6-week life in factory sorting tests, at about US$100k/yr replacement, from tendon slippage and friction (Sina Finance, 22 Jul 2026) [single source]. |
| Figure (US) | Figure 03 hand | Captive | not published | Palm camera plus fingertip pads to about 3 g | — | Not sold | — | Figure calls hands "the hardest problem". |
| Sanctuary AI (CA) | Phoenix hydraulic hand (gen 8 robot) | Captive; now licensing software | High DoF, hydraulic | New tactile (2025 to 2026) | — | Not sold | — | Hydraulic hands remain a one-company path. |
| Wonik Allegro (KR) | V5, V5 Sense | Quote | 16 | 16 pressure channels | 1.05 to 1.24 kg | Stock | Free | A research staple. |
| ORCA Dexterity | ORCA Hand | From US$3,500 | 17 | Optional 351 taxels | 1.1 kg | Open-source | Free | The cheapest published-price high-DoF hand. |
| Open-source (LEAP v2, RUKA, CRAFT) | — | US$600 to 3,000 BOM | 8 to 22 | none | — | Build yourself | — | LEAP v2 Advanced (22 DoF, US$3k) is "roughly human level" (Paxton). |
| Wonder Robotics; Hota | — | Not verified this session | — | — | — | — | — | — |
China dexterous-hand shipments were 19,200 in 2025, up 236% year on year, with about 70,200 forecast for 2026 and 430k for 2030. The average price fell from about ¥50,000 in 2024 to under ¥10,000 in 2026, and 6-DoF hands are ¥6,000 to 8,000.
Tactile sensors
| Vendor | Product | Price | Key spec | Availability | Export | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PaXini 帕西尼 (CN) | PX6AX-GEN3 (12 SKUs, 3 series) | Amazon US listings, price not captured; the GEN2 fingertip is an about US$300 to 600 class [inference] | 6-axis ITPU, 0.01 N, under 0.5% full-scale repeatability; Hall and magnetic principle | Amazon US, Robots International | Free | The weakness of the magnetic class is EMI susceptibility and complex calibration. |
| Tashan 他山 (CN) | AI tactile chips and e-skin | Not published | Chip-level capacitive and multimodal; a joint lab with the University of Manchester | Sampling to hand makers | Free | The site was blocked by TLS during the session. |
| Fulay 福莱新材 (CN) | Flexible e-skin | — | A 100,000-unit order from Linkerbot in early 2026 | Volume | Free | Shows e-skin has crossed into mass production. |
| Hanwei 汉威, Moxian 墨现, Titanium Deep 钛深, Jingzhi, Jujiao | Flexible piezoresistive e-skin | — | — | Volume | Free | The commodity tier; an about 30% price drop reported in 2026. |
| GelSight (US) | Mini | US$499 plus US$49 gels | Vision-based, human resolution | Stock | Free | A research standard; the gel is a consumable. |
| GelSight and Meta | Digit 360 | Not published, product page returned 503 | 1 mN force, 18+ sensing features, micron resolution | "Wide availability 2025", an early-access programme | Free | Designs open-sourced. |
| Meta ReSkin | Open design | about US$6 BOM [background] | Magnetic elastomer | DIY | — | Cheap but drifts; needs recalibration. |
| XELA (JP) | uSkin | Quote | 3-axis per taxel, 5.5 mm thick | 170+ clients (Sanctuary, Samsung, DENSO) | Free | Hall-effect class. |
| Contactile (AU) | PapillArray | Quote | 3-D force plus slip and friction per pillar, optical | Stock | Free | Slip detection is the useful feature. |
| Melexis (BE) | Tactaxis | Component | 0.03 N, 3-D | Volume | Free | A chip-level option to build on. |
| MEMS pressure chips (Minxin, Zesheng ZSFS1001) | — | — | about 0.1 N against human 0.0002 N; normal force only | Early | Free | Not yet good enough. |
What the labs and the industry say is missing
- Cost: hands still cost more than whole robots at the top end (Paxton).
- Reliability: "notoriously finicky"; tendon wear and hollow-cup burnout; Sharpa is the only vendor publishing cycle-life numbers.
- Tactile durability and calibration: e-skins drift, vision-tactile gels are consumables, and magnetic sensors need per-unit calibration.
- Thermal: motors in the forearm (Xynova) or worm self-locking (Linker O20) are the 2026 fixes, and both add weight or backlash.
- Data: "without ~1 M deployed units, real interaction datasets remain incomplete"; nobody has durable hands generating data at scale.
Sensing
| Category | Supplier | Product | Price | Key spec | Availability | Export / geopolitics | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3-D lidar | Livox (DJI, CN) | Mid-360 | about US$749 | 40 m at 10%, 360 by 59 degrees, 200k pts/s, 265 g, IP67 | Stock | Recommended for US 1260H listing; not yet listed | The de facto budget 3-D lidar for AMRs and humanoids; the G1 uses it [background]. |
| 3-D lidar | Hesai (CN) | JT16, JT128, XT16 | JT16 about €678 to 735; XT16 about US$1,500; JT128 about US$2,000 | JT16: 30 m, 360 by 40 degrees, 200 g, 4.3 W, IP6K7 and 6K9K; JT128: 1.15 M pts/s, 190 degrees | Stock | On the US 1260H list (June 2026); NDAA section 164 bars DoD procurement from 30 Jun 2026 | Fine for Singapore and ASEAN; a problem only when selling to US federal or defence customers. |
| 3-D lidar | RoboSense (CN) | Airy, E1R (solid-state) | Airy US$800 to 1,200; E1R €149 to 1,079 | Airy: 60 m, 860k pts/s, under 240 g, IP6X; E1R: 120 by 90 degrees, IP67 and 6K9K, −40 to +85 °C | Stock; Q1 2026 robot-lidar shipments up 1,458% year on year | 1260H (June 2026) | The E1R is the outdoor and port candidate, automotive-grade with no moving parts. |
| 3-D lidar | Ouster (US) | OS0-32, OS1-32 | about US$4,000 and about US$6,000 | 90 and 42 degree vertical field of view, IP68 and IP69K | Stock | NDAA-compliant | 3 to 10 times Chinese prices; an option for US-facing SKUs. |
| 2-D safety lidar | SICK (DE) | nanoScan3, TiM781S | about US$3,500 and about US$4,000 | IEC 61496 Type 3, IP67 | Stock | Free | Required for ISO 3691-4 and ISO 13849 PL d safety functions on a base [inference]; the Hokuyo UST-10LX at about US$1,200 is a non-safety alternative. |
| Depth camera | Orbbec (CN) | Gemini 335, Femto Bolt, Femto Mega | US$250, 350 and 600 | 335: 0.10 to 20 m, 1280 by 800 at 30, IMU, IP5X, −10 to 45 °C, 97 g, MX6800 ASIC | Stock | Free | "Best price-to-performance depth camera 2026". Depth cameras are now "千元级", a ¥1,000 class, down 70% in two years. |
| Depth camera | RealSense (US, independent since Jul 2025) | D405, D435i, D455, D555 PoE | US$300, 350, 400 and not published | 51 g (D405) wrist camera; the D455 is on Digit | Stock; SDK maintained; a US$50 M spin-out, 130 staff, "60 % of AMR/humanoid developers" | Free | Not discontinued, a spin-out. Some resellers still say "discontinued"; treat as a continuity risk. |
| Depth camera | Stereolabs (FR) | ZED Mini, 2i, X | US$450, 550 and 750 | The 2i is IP66 outdoor; the X is GMSL2 for Jetson | Stock | Free | The outdoor and port choice for GPU-based stereo. |
| IMU (tactical) | Xsens/Movella (NL) | MTi-630 AHRS | Quote, about €1.5 to 2.5k [inference] | 8 degrees/h in-run bias, 0.2 degree RMS roll and pitch | Stock | Below Wassenaar thresholds; no ECCN note on the page | One per body for locomotion, with multiple BMI088-class MEMS elsewhere. |
| IMU (MEMS) | Bosch, TDK, ST | BMI088, ICM-42688 | US$5 to 15 | — | Volume | Free | Commodity. |
| Six-axis force and torque | Kunwei 坤维 (CN) | KWR75, KWR96 | US$1,000 to 4,500, MOQ 1; 3 to 5 days stock, 7 to 30 days bulk | 100 to 2,000 N, 0.5% full scale, IP64, CAN and EtherCAT | Stock | Free | Humanoid supplier awards 2025 to 2026. |
| Six-axis force and torque | Chinese industry (Blue Touch 蓝点触控, SRI 宇立, Kunwei) | Wrist and ankle sensors | ¥5,000 to 8,000 in 2026, from ¥20 to 30k in 2025, down more than 60% | — | Volume | Free | The largest single price drop in the 2026 BOM. SRI (Sunrise Instruments, Nanning) is Chinese, not US. |
| Six-axis force and torque | ATI (US), Robotiq (CA), Bota (CH) | Gamma; FT 300-S; SensONE | US$3,200; US$1,950; US$1,500 | — | Stock | Free | Certification-friendly Western sources. |
| Event camera | Prophesee (FR) | EVK4 HD (Sony IMX636) | Quote, a US$5k or more class [inference] | 1280 by 720, under 100 µs, more than 120 dB, 40 g | Stock | Free | Research only for now; no humanoid ships one. |
| Event camera | iniVation (CH) | DAVIS346, DVXplorer | Quote, €3 to 5k [inference] | — | Stock | Free | Same. |
Export-sensitive items for a Singapore buyer: none of the above require Chinese export licences. Tactical-grade IMUs and gyros above Wassenaar thresholds, which the MTi-630 class is not, and some encryption modules fall under Singapore's Strategic Goods (Control) Act for re-export, with penalties up to S$100k or 3 times value and 2 years. The practical geopolitical exposure is on the sales side: Chinese lidar (Hesai, RoboSense and likely Livox) will disqualify a robot from US DoD-funded sites and, if the SAFE LiDAR Act (H.R. 6576, Dec 2025, not law) passes, from US commercial ports and infrastructure [inference].
Batteries and power
| Item | Supplier / robot | Number | Availability | Certification | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cells | CATL (Unitree H1, Optimus), Sunwoda (Unitree H1 primary; 280 to 350 Wh/kg, 3C charge, 20C peak), EVE ("Longqun No. 2" 300 Wh/kg semi-solid; a UBTech partner), Gotion (Xiaomi CyberOne), Panasonic (Optimus 21700), Samsung SDI (Hyundai and Kia), LG, Molicel (P45B and P50B high-rate 21700 [background]) | 21700 NMC 4.5 to 5 Ah, 10C to 20C peak | Volume via distributors such as Ancoo | Cell-level CB/IEC 62133, UL 1642 and UN38.3 usually available | Cells are commodity; 13S at 46.8 to 48 V is the humanoid norm. |
| Pack market | MANLY and industry estimate | About 14k humanoid packs in 2025, average US$1,096 per pack, 2 to 5 kWh typical; packs are "still customised, co-developed with OEMs" | Custom, weeks to months | UN38.3 (transport), UL 2271 (LEV batteries), IEC 62133 | Chinese pack prices fell about 25% in 2026. |
| Reference pack | Figure 03 | A 2.3 kWh structural torso pack; 5 h runtime; 2 kW charge (wireless foot coils per the launch press; Figure's own page says "2 kW fast charge with active cooling"); energy density up 94% against F.01; cost down 78% against F.02; the first humanoid pack in process for both UN38.3 and UL 2271; a flame arrestor for anti-propagation | Captive | — | The current certification bar for hospital use [inference]. |
| Runtime: Unitree G1 | 9,000 mAh at 54 V, about 0.49 kWh | "About 2 h" official; about 90 min active walking; "materially less" under continuous manipulation; 45-min charge at 1 kW; 5-min manual swap; a spare is US$700 to 800 | — | — | Event operators run 8 h days with 2 packs rotating. |
| Runtime: Unitree H2 | 15 Ah, 0.972 kWh at 75.6 V max | "About 3 h" | — | — | 70 kg, US$29,900. |
| Runtime: AgiBot A2 | 700 Wh | about 2 h; hot-swap | — | — | 69 kg. |
| Runtime: UBTech Walker S2 | Dual 48 V packs, capacity unpublished | 2 h walking and 4 h standing; autonomous swap under 3 min, and the robot decides swap against charge | — | — | The only humanoid with an unattended 24/7 operation model; duty cycles are unverified by any customer. |
| Runtime: Agility Digit | Unpublished | about 4 h published, 2 to 3 h under heavy use; autonomous docking; Schaeffler runs two 4 h shifts | — | NRTL field evaluation, site-specific | One 2026 source claims "22 h" for Digit v5; treat as unverified marketing. |
| Runtime: Apptronik Apollo | Swappable | 4 h per pack; swap under 5 min | — | — | |
| Runtime: Galbot G1 (wheeled) | Unpublished | 8 h per the developer manual, "10 h" per press | — | — | 92.5 kg. |
| Runtime: Dexmate Vega (wheeled) | Unpublished | more than 10 h | US$89,999, US$999 deposit | — | |
| Runtime: Hello Robot Stretch 3 | Unpublished | 2 to 5 h depending on CPU load | US$24,950 | — | |
| Runtime: MiR250 (AMR) | Swappable | "up to 20 h/day"; fast swap | Quote | ISO 3691-4-aligned | AMR practice is opportunity charging at contacts plus an occasional swap. |
| Runtime: Slamtec Hermes chassis | 20 Ah or 30 Ah LFP | Autonomous recharging; runtime unpublished | Quote | — | A hospital and hotel delivery chassis. |
| Leju KUAVO 5 | — | "8+ h" claimed; the only humanoid claiming a full shift [single source] | — | — | |
| China control | MOFCOM Notice 58 on lithium battery, cathode and graphite anode items, equipment and technology | Suspended until 10 Nov 2026 | — | — | If reinstated it affects export of high-end cells and anode materials and equipment, not finished packs [inference]. |
What hospitals and ports need, on this evidence [inference]:
- Hospitals: 12 to 16 h availability across two nursing shifts with no human battery handling, since nurses rejected Moxi partly because it consumed staff time. A wheeled base with a 1.5 to 2.5 kWh LFP pack, opportunity charging at contact docks at 1 to 2 kW, and a certified pack (UN38.3 plus IEC 62133 or UL 2271) is realistic today; a biped is not.
- Ports: 24/7 operation, 35 °C ambient plus radiant heat, and salt fog. LFP chemistry for thermal margin and cycle life, and a swap cabinet like the Walker S2's or a tethered or docked duty cycle. Active cooling in the pack, as in the Figure 03 die-cast enclosure with integrated cooling, becomes necessary above about 1.5 kW sustained draw.
Wheeled mobile-manipulator bases
| Robot / chassis | Vendor | Base type | Payload / runtime | Price | Certification / ingress | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Galbot G1 | Galbot (CN) | Omnidirectional wheeled, lifting torso | 5 kg per arm, 10 kg total; 8 to 10 h | Quote | Not published | 92.5 kg, no stairs; running in Beijing pharmacies; "anyone selling it as a 20 kg dual-arm is lying" (Firgelli). |
| Vega | Dexmate (US) | Omni wheeled, telescoping 0.66 to 2.2 m | 7 kg per arm; more than 10 h | US$89,999 | Not published | Built in under 6 months on commodity parts, which is proof that a small team can ship a wheeled manipulator [inference]. |
| Stretch 3 | Hello Robot (US) | Differential drive, mast plus telescoping arm | 2 kg; 2 to 5 h | US$24,950 | Not certified | 24.5 kg; RPLidar A1 plus 2 RealSense. |
| TIAGo Pro | PAL (ES) | 4-Mecanum omni | 3 kg per arm; 35 cm torso lift | Quote | Joint brakes, torque sensing; certification not stated | Two 7-DoF arms, two laser range finders, ROS 2 PREEMPT-RT. |
| Fetch / Zebra | Zebra (US) | Differential | 100 kg (Freight) | Quote | ISO 3691-4-type AMR certifications | The mobile manipulator line is effectively discontinued; Zebra sells AMRs [background]. |
| MiR250 | MiR/Teradyne (DK) | Differential | 250 kg; 20 h/day | Quote | "Highest global safety standards", ISO 3691-4 and ISO 13849 PL d [background] | The certified-AMR benchmark; 30 cm tall. |
| Hermes | Slamtec (CN) | Differential, Android controller | 20 or 30 Ah LFP; auto-charge; 10 degree slope; elevator 4.0 | Quote | Not published | A hospital and hotel delivery chassis; dual lidar plus two depth cameras. |
| Ranger Mini 3.0, Scout, Tracer, Cobot Magic | AgileX (CN) | Omni (4WS), 4WD, differential | A Tracer 2.0 plus four PiPER arms at US$1,999 each is a teleoperation data rig | Quote, a chassis US$5 to 15k class [inference] | Ingress ratings vary; Scout is IP64-class [background] | 8,000+ chassis deployed; the default research chassis. |
| MRL1000 series | Youibot (CN) | Industrial chassis | — | Quote | Semiconductor-fab grade | More than 70% share in Chinese semiconductor AMR chassis. |
| Standard Robots, SEER (SRC controllers), Geek+, ForwardX, SIASUN, VisionNav | Chinese AMR makers | — | 60 to 2,500 kg | Quote | CE common; ISO 3691-4 on request | SEER controllers are the commodity AMR brain many Chinese chassis use [background]. |
| Fdata | Fdata (Shenzhen) | OEM and ODM chassis, 4WD-4WS, up to 1,000 kg | — | Quote | — | 2,000 staff; will build a custom base to spec. |
| Cost reference (Chinese wheeled humanoid BOM, about ¥150k) | tmtpost 2026 | Chassis about ¥50k, two cobot arms about ¥60k, hand about ¥20k, so more than 80% of the BOM; targets are ¥30k, ¥30k and ¥10k | — | — | — | Tells you where cost lives: arms and chassis, not sensors. |
Certification map [partly background]:
- Hospitals: ISO 13482:2014 for personal-care robots is the reference, and a revised ISO/FDIS 13482 "Safety requirements for service robots" is at FDIS stage (iTeh listing, 2026) [single source]. Add IEC 60601-1-2 EMC coexistence [inference], a local hospital IT security review, and elevator integration of the Slamtec kind. IP54 is the minimum for wipe-down disinfectant cleaning [inference].
- Ports: ISO 3691-4 for driverless industrial trucks (2020, amended 2023) for the base; ISO 13849-1 PL d safety functions; outdoor IP65 or IP67, −10 to 50 °C, salt fog per ISO 9227 and IEC 60068-2-52, and UV. The RoboSense E1R (IP6K9K, −40 to +85 °C) and the Ouster OS0 are the sensor classes rated for this [inference].
Structure and manufacturing
| Item | Where | Cost / lead time | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNC machined aluminium (6061, 7075) | Shenzhen and Dongguan on-demand (JLCCNC and others) | From US$5 per part, 3-day build, MOQ 1; sheet metal from US$0.40, 2 days | Magnesium, titanium and carbon fibre are not on JLCCNC's list; those need specialist shops. |
| Structural cost trend (CN) | tmtpost 2026 | "精密机加工结构件", precision machined structural parts, down more than 10% per year | |
| Magnesium and aluminium die casting | Dongguan and Ningbo | Tooling ¥50k to 300k per tool; unit ¥50 to 300 [inference] | Only pays above about 500 units; Figure 03 uses die-cast pack enclosures at 12k/yr scale. |
| Carbon fibre tubes and shells | Dongguan, Weihai | Commodity for tubes; layup shells need tooling | For arm links and shells, not load-bearing joints [inference]. |
| Singapore machining | Local job shops | 3 to 5 times Shenzhen unit price, 1 to 2 weeks [inference] | Fixtures, certification-traceable safety parts and rework. |
| Singapore precision motion and assembly | PBA Systems (Yishun): direct-drive motors, linear and voice-coil actuators, stages, servo drives, co-development | Quote | The closest thing to a local motion-hardware partner; not an AMR or harmonic vendor. |
| Singapore EMS | Venture Corp (Ang Mo Kio, Woodlands, Jurong; ISO 13485, EN9100) | Quote; high-mix low-volume for Fortune 500 clients | Would take PCB and box-build for a 100-unit programme; the medical 13485 pedigree helps hospital sales. Flex and Jabil are also present [background]. |
| Singapore robotics makers with in-house assembly | LionsBot (120 units at Changi), Otsaw, ST Engineering (robotics about S$180 M revenue) | — | Evidence that 100-unit-per-year robot assembly happens locally. |
| Government infrastructure | JTC estates with pre-installed power and data for robots; the Punggol Digital District physical-AI test bed (IMDA, JTC, SIT, late 2026); a GovTech public-space robotics testbed; NRP S$635 M (2022 to 2025) including S$145 M healthcare and S$180 M logistics; an IMDA AI and Robotics accelerator up to S$500k; EnterpriseSG up to 50% co-funding on pre-approved robots | — | The Shanghai Humanoid Robot Innovation Incubator opens a Singapore office in H2 2026, so Chinese OEMs will use Singapore as their ASEAN launchpad, which means more competition and more local parts availability [inference]. |
The rare-earth and export regime
| Item | Status | Source / date |
|---|---|---|
| MOFCOM Announcement 18 (4 Apr 2025): licences for Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Lu, Sc and Y and their metals, oxides, alloys, compounds and permanent magnet materials | In force. Case-by-case dual-use licences; nominal 45-day processing, often longer in surges; streamlined "general licences" issued to JL MAG, Ningbo Yunsheng, Zhong Ke San Huan and select others | China Briefing (10 Nov 2025); Rare Earth Exchanges (10 Aug 2026) |
| Announcements 55 to 58 (9 Oct 2025): rare-earth equipment and technology, lithium-battery and graphite-anode items and technology, superhard materials | Suspended 7 Nov 2025 to 10 Nov 2026 | CIRS |
| Announcement 61 (the 0.1% extraterritorial rule on foreign-made items containing Chinese-origin controlled rare earths, plus the technology-origin rule) and 62 | Suspended to 10 Nov 2026; Category 3, Chinese-origin items, stays active | Carra Globe (May 2026); Mining Technology (Apr 2026) |
| Controlled against free magnet grades | Controlled: SmCo; NdFeB SH, UH, EH or AH, or any NdFeB with measured Dy or Tb. Free: standard N35 to N52 and most M and H grades without Dy or Tb, and the rule is "verify by test, not grade name" | Mainrich Magnets |
| Finished motors and actuators exported from China | Not licensed items today; control is at material and magnet level. Only the suspended Notice 61 would reach "parts, components and assemblies" with 0.1% or more Chinese controlled content | China Briefing; Carra Globe |
| What happens after 10 Nov 2026 | Analysts' base case is selective licence delays and cascading tier-2 bottlenecks rather than an embargo; about 30 kt of NdFeB entered the US embedded in products in 2026 | Rare Earth Exchanges (Aug 2026) |
| Chinese restrictions on humanoid parts or technology export | No evidence found of MOFCOM controls on joint modules, hands or humanoid technology as of Sep 2026. Chinese vendors sell on Amazon US and via EU and US resellers. The search budget prevented checking the 2026 revision of the "禁止/限制出口技术目录" | — |
| US side | NDAA section 164 (DoD lidar ban, 30 Jun 2026); the 1260H list added Hesai, RoboSense and dozens of others (Jun 2026); the SAFE LiDAR Act is pending; Unitree telemetry and backdoor findings drive institutional bans in the West | SmartBotParts; Hacker News; Interesting Engineering |
| Singapore import | No import licence for robots or actuators; the Strategic Goods (Control) Act governs export, transhipment and intangible technology transfer of Wassenaar-list items such as high-grade IMUs, some encryption and some lidar and cameras; lithium packs need UN38.3 for carriage; hospital deployment needs a local IT-security and electrical safety review [inference] | Singapore Customs |
What incumbents' bodies do badly
| Robot | Documented body-level weakness | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Unitree G1 | 2 h nominal, about 90 min walking, "materially less" under manipulation; the shoulder-pitch motor overheats and the arm loses response after short dexterous-hand use (Unitree GitHub issue; third-party five-finger hands trigger it); actuator replacement US$800 to 1,500; cable fatigue at hip and knee; sensor calibration drift; 2 to 3 kg per arm; at 127 to 132 cm it cannot reach benches; stairs are "unreliable/high-risk" (Slovak lab, May 2026); the depth camera cannot see the faces of people in front of it; the speaker is too weak for noisy rooms; grasping is "rudimentary"; no ingress rating, operating temperature or noise figure published; no ISO 10218 or ISO/TS 15066 compliance, and the product page carries only a keep-distance disclaimer; 8-month warranty (18 months EDU) with ship-to-Hangzhou service; runs end-of-life ROS 2 Foxy; UniPwn, a BLE root exploit with a single hardcoded AES key for every G1, H1, Go2 and B2, described as "wormable", plus telemetry to China-based servers every 5 min (Sep 2025); CVE-2026-76639 and 76640 (27 Aug 2026), network path-traversal to root and a BLE buffer overflow, with the BLE layer unpatched at disclosure | theresarobotforthat; RoboZaps; Reboot Hub; Hacker News; Interesting Engineering; ZMProbots |
| Unitree H2 | 70 kg, 0.972 kWh, about 3 h; no ingress rating published; the same firmware lineage as the G1, so the same security posture until proven otherwise [inference] | unitree.com |
| AgiBot A2 and G2 | 700 Wh, about 2 h; ingress rating and operating temperature not disclosed; the G2 in Longcheer electronics assembly reports 99.9% success, under 4% downtime and 140 h continuous, but that is one unit in a caged, fixed task | Aparobot; IIoT World |
| UBTech Walker S2 | 2 h walking and 4 h standing; weight, battery capacity, ingress rating and operating temperature all unpublished; the "least independently verified performance record"; no customer has published duty cycles; an implied unit price of about ¥760k including swap stations; the hand is rated at about 80,000 cycles, which is about two weeks at 400 picks an hour [inference] | RoboZaps |
| Figure 03 | 3 to 5 h on 2.3 kWh, no swap; no ingress rating or DoF published; 350+ units all internal or partner, with no sales channel; the Nov 2025 whistleblower suit alleging robots "powerful enough to fracture a skull", in discovery as of Jul 2026; hands still "the hardest problem" | RoboZaps; theresarobotforthat |
| Agility Digit | about 4 h, 2 to 3 h under heavy use; deployments still require separated operating areas; cooperative safety is a v5 promise; the NRTL evaluation is site-specific; no MTBF or intervention-rate data; no environmental ratings; a tote-tool end effector only | Anton Robots; Humanoids Daily |
| Galbot G1 | 92.5 kg, 5 kg per arm, no stairs, no published price, unaudited pharmacy deployments; the 8 h lab runtime is its real strength | Firgelli |
| Diligent Moxi | Needed a human escort between floors; "annoying and often got in the way"; MultiCare bought 14 in 2023 and dropped them within two years; nurses had no input; sold as a subscription only | WSNA (2026) |
| Tesla Optimus Gen-3 hand | About a 6-week life in sorting tests; about US$100k/yr replacement per robot, from tendon slippage and friction [single source] | Sina Finance |
| Cross-industry | No humanoid completes an 8 h shift on one charge, except Leju's 8 h claim; a 5 to 15% drop rate on out-of-distribution objects (NIST ATB) means 20 to 60 failed grasps an hour at 400 picks an hour; force and torque zero offsets need weekly recalibration under 0.5 N; Wi-Fi in metal buildings is 50 to 200 ms against the under 10 ms needed for e-stop, so private 5G costs US$150 to 500k per floor; SLAM drift is about 20 cm per 100 m in dust; overheating motors and fast-draining batteries were the top failure modes in the April 2026 robot race; no published preventive-maintenance schedules exist for any humanoid; and 6 to 12-month pilots before production are the norm | theresarobotforthat (two articles); IIoT World |
What this means for hospitals and ports [inference]:
- Hospital: the incumbents fail on elevator and door autonomy, staff-time burden (battery, escorts, resets), a security posture that no hospital CISO will accept from Unitree-class firmware, a missing wipe-down ingress rating, and noise and "in the way" behaviour. None of these are AI problems; they are body, firmware and communications problems.
- Port: incumbents publish no outdoor rating, no salt or heat data, 2 h bipedal runtimes and Wi-Fi-only communications. A sealed wheeled manipulator with private-5G and wired-safety communications and a swap cabinet has no published direct competitor today.
What this means for Tidewell
Nothing in this report changes what we have already published. On the body we buy joints, screws, sensors, cells and chassis, and build the rated-life sealed hand, the calibrated fingertip, the secure body bus, the certified pack and the safety file. The wheeled W1 is the volume product, the biped B1 goes only where legs are needed, and a Brain Kit brings bodies already in Singapore's testbeds under the same brain, with the safety limit stated on the datasheet. Tidewell Brain runs in two modes, Solo on the robot and Crew across the site, and neither mode moves the manipulation policy or a safety function off the robot. We keep no Huawei Ascend anywhere in the stack.
Sources
Actuators and components
- RobotToday RobStride profile
- OpenELAB RobStride brand page, prices and stock
- Robotopian actuator collection
- Amazon RobStride 04 listing
- CubeMars 2026 actuator guide
- ROBOTIS XM540-W270-T
- Yijin, top actuator manufacturers
- Hyundai Mobis and Boston Dynamics actuator deal, CES 2026
- 钛媒体 2026 人形机器人关键零部件成本
- 新浪 价格战/降价, Jun 2026
- 艾邦 行星滚柱丝杠, 30+ suppliers
- Humanoid.guide on Leaderdrive
- EVS reducer comparison 2026
- Leadshine at CES 2026
- 知乎 2026 人形机器人投资全景
Hands and tactile
- CNX Software on the Sharpa Wave
- Sharpa Wave page
- Chris Paxton, Robot Hands Are Getting Better
- Sourcebotics Chinese hands buyer's guide 2026
- RoboZaps robotic hands
- Humanoid.guide hands database
- 雷峰网 ICRA 2026 灵巧手
- 新浪财经 灵巧手, 22 Jul 2026
- 杭州网 灵巧手销量, 19 Aug 2026
- 艾邦 灵巧手行业深度报告(下)
- 艾邦 四大触觉传感器技术
- Inspire Robots
- Linkerbot
- Shadow Robot
- Sanctuary AI
- PaXini PX6AX-GEN3 on Amazon
- GelSight Mini pricing
- GelSight and Meta Digit 360
- XELA Robotics
- Contactile
- Tashan and Manchester lab
Sensing
- Robotics Center depth camera guide 2026
- Robot Report, RealSense after Intel
- Orbbec Gemini 335
- OpenELAB, Gemini 335 against D435i
- SmartBotParts AGV lidar matrix 2026
- SmartBotParts NDAA section 164 guide
- SmartBotParts RoboSense Q1 surge
- OpenELAB, Livox against Hesai against RoboSense
- Livox Mid-360
- Hesai JT16
- Robotics Center force and torque sensor selection guide
- Kunwei KWR96 on Made-in-China
- Kunwei humanoid supplier award
- Xsens MTi-630
- Prophesee EVK4
Batteries
- Figure F.03 battery
- Notebookcheck on Figure 03
- CM Batteries, humanoid suppliers
- MANLY humanoid battery guide 2026
- HiMAX 46.8 V 13S pack
- ZMProbots on G1 battery life
- UBTech Walker S2
- Humanoids Daily, Digit upgrade
- Apptronik Apollo
Bases
- Firgelli Galbot G1 review
- Dexmate Vega store
- Hello Robot Stretch 3
- PAL TIAGo Pro
- MiR250
- Slamtec Hermes
- AgileX
- Fdata, top 10 Chinese chassis makers
- ISO/FDIS 13482, service robots, listing
- ISO 13482:2014
Structure and Singapore
- JLCCNC
- PBA Systems
- Venture Corp
- Robotics Center, State of Robotics Singapore 2026
- BigGo, Shanghai humanoid incubator Singapore office
- Singapore Customs strategic goods control
Rare earth and export
- China Briefing, rare-earth controls
- CIRS suspension notice
- Carra Globe, the 0.1% rule returns 10 Nov
- Mining Technology, the pause nears expiry
- Rare Earth Exchanges, the November cliff, 10 Aug 2026
- Mainrich magnet export compliance
- European Parliament briefing (PDF)
Incumbent failure modes
- theresarobotforthat G1 review 2026
- Reboot Hub G1 repair guide
- RoboZaps G1 price and review
- Unitree G1, Unitree H2
- UniPwn
- Hacker News, CVE-2026-76639 and 76640
- Interesting Engineering, Unitree telemetry
- arXiv, humanoids as attack vectors
- RoboZaps Walker S2
- RoboZaps Figure 03
- Aparobot AgiBot A2
- Anton Robots Digit review
- IIoT World, humanoids in manufacturing 2026
- theresarobotforthat, 5 challenges
- theresarobotforthat, deployment mistakes and real operating hours
- WSNA, Saying goodbye to Moxi
- Pebblous AgiBotWorld failure annotation